Schenkerian analysis
An analytical method that reduces tonal music to fundamental voice-leading structures called the Ursatz
In Depth
Developed by Austrian theorist Heinrich Schenker in the early 20th century, this approach views all tonal music as an elaboration of a simple fundamental structure: a descending melodic line (Urlinie) supported by a bass arpeggiation (Bassbrechung). Analysis proceeds through layers of reduction — foreground, middleground, and background — stripping away surface decoration to reveal deeper structural connections. The method has been both immensely influential and controversial, with critics questioning its claim to universality.
Schenker believed his system proved the superiority of Austro-German tonal music — a view his modern followers have largely abandoned while retaining his analytical tools.